The length and structure of the Transitional Zone in the tunica media in the renal artery of adult male cats were investigated. In addition, the volume of the lumen and different layers in Transitional and non Transitional Zones in the right and left sides were also determined. Morphometrical, histological and stereological studies were performed on 16 renal arteries of 8 adult male cats. After perfusion and morphometrical measurement, routine tissue processing was carried out by autotechnicon. The processed tissues were embedded in paraffin and sectioned serially into 5 mm thickness. The sections were stained with haematoxylin and eosin and orcein. In the morphometrical measurement, the right renal arteries were longer than the left ones with a mean value of 22.0±0.2 and 18.8±0.1 mm, respectively. Despite the fact that the right renal artery is commonly longer, the length of Transitional Zone was 7 mm in both renal arteries of adult male cats. The artery has a structure between muscular and elastic type at its origin with several elastic layers in the tunica media which is gradually changed to a muscular type at the distal section after 7 mm from origin of aorta. Transitional Zone has an arrangement of parallel elastic fibers which become rare and fragmented towards the non-Transitional Zone. The volume of tunica intima, tunica media, tunica adventitia and lumen of the artery decrease from Transitional Zone towards the non-Transitional Zone and the volume of these areas in both Transitional and non-Transitional Zones in the right renal artery is more than the left one. The volume of the lumen in Transitional Zone differs significantly compared to non-Transitional Zone, in both sides (P<0.05). Also there is a significant difference in the volume of the lumen in non-Transitional Zone between right and left renal arteries (P<0.05).

The Elikah Formation crops out northeast of Jajarm in Ozon Mountain in eastern Alborz (Binalud Transitional Zone) and attains a thickness of up to 216 meters. This formation consists of carbonatic and siliciclastic facies and was deposited in platform environment at Early to Middle Triassic (Scythian-Ladinian) period. The Elikah Formation disconformably overlies a thick laterite-bauxite horizon (2 m) of Late Permian age. This laterite-bauxite horizon also disconformably overlies limestones of the Mobarak Formation with Early Carboniferous (Visean) age. The Elikah Formation is covered disconformably by the Shemshak Formation of Late Triassic (Norian-Rhaetian) to early Middle Jurassic age. There is a red, thick bauxite horizon (7 m) at the base of the Shemshak Formation. The laterite-bauxite horizons in lower and upper boundaries of the Elikah Formation show sedimentation gaps (continental erosion) at these boundaries. The gap between the Elikah and Shemshak Formations is related to Early Cimmerian orogenic phase, which had resulted from the collision of the Iran and Turan plates. This collision in the Jajarm area probably occurred at early Late Triassic (Carnian) time.

Construction and operation of dams have two main effects on streams. At first it increases detention time and then leads to thermal stratification. Changing of water quality is the result of these effects and the outflow has different physical, chemical and biological characteristics from inflow.In this study thermal regime in proposed Bakhtyari reservoir was simulated with CE-QUAL-W2 model. The inputs are reservoir topography, hydrological and meteorological data. As there is no chance to calibrate or verify the model, they will be done in monitoring and operation period. Three different inflow scenarios were simulated based on dry, normal year. Simulation results represent that in dry year stratification starts at April and remains up to September, but the results of normal year indicates that Stratification is between May and November. In all scenarios a stagnant layer could be seen in downward of outlet structure (700 mASL). It is concluded that in dry years which dam has a major effect in inflow regime, turnover is mostly conform thermal stratification theories in reservoirs. Because of long detention time, Transitional Zone have turnover periods like lakes and there is not stagnant layer like near the dam.

Introduction: Prostatic specific antigen (PSA) is an excellent tumor marker, but it is not specific for prostate cancer. We evaluated the accuracy of PSA adjusted for transition Zone volume calculated by transrectal ultrasonography in predicting prostate cancer in men compared with PSA density. Material and Methods: PSA adjusted for transition Zone volume was obtained from 100 patients who underwent transrectal ultrasonographically guided biopsies (50 patients with prostate cancer and 50 patients with BPH). PSA density was calculated by through dividing total serum PSA by total prostate volume, and total serum PSA was divided by transition Zone volume to yield PSA adjusted for transition Zone volume. The PSA density and PSA adjusted for transition Zone volume were compared and analyzed in patients with cancer of prostate and patient with BPH. Results: 50 fifty patients with BPH, 50 patients with prostate cancer were evaluated. Mean PSA adjusted for transition Zone volume and PSA density were 0. 21 ± 1. 17 and 0. 17 ± 0. 91 in patients with prostate cancer and 0. 14 ± 0. 65 and 0. 064 ± 0. 34 in patients with BPH. PSA adjusted for transition Zone volume had sensitivity of %26. 6 and specificity of %86. 6 and PSA density had sensitivity of %30 and specificity of %93. 3 for prostate cancer. Conclusions: PSA adjusted for Transitional Zone volume is not more accurate than PSA density in for distinguishing prostate cancer from BPH. Determination of Transitional Zone volume and total prostate volume by transrectal ultrasonography may be helpful for predicting the probability of positive prostate biopsy results.

Transitional justice refers to the ways of addressing the large scale or systematic Human and Humanitarian Rights violations in periods of transition from conflict and repression, that the normal system of criminal justice, due to the extent and severity of violations, is not able to provide them adequate and appropriate response. The mechanisms of Transitional justice are different, depending on the circumstances prevailing in the Transitional society. Transitional justice, is useing in different societies as a way to confront the legacies of oppression, war and violence. This, is accomplishing through mechanisms like criminal prosecution, truth-seeking, reparation, and institutional reforms. This paper, along with the conceptualization of Transitional justice and the introduction of its various criminal and non-criminal mechanisms during the transition period, examines the acceptability of these mechanisms in Transitional societies and their validity in terms of International Criminal Court.

In order to study bioZones of the Pabdeh Formation in the Northeast Kazerun, Murdak section was selected. In this section, Pabdeh Formation is mainly consists of marl, shale and marly limestone. The study of calcareous nannofossils led to the recognition of 70 species and 28 genera. According to the first and last occurrence of index species and assemblages fossil, the following bioZones based on global standard zonations are identified: Discoaster multiradiatus Zone (NP9/ CNP11), Tribrachiatus contortus Zone (NP10/ CNE1-CNE2), Discoaster binodosus Zone (NP11/ CNE3), Tribrachiatus orthostylus Zone (NP12/ CNE4), Discoaster lodoensis Zone (NP13/ CNE5), Discoaster sunlodoensis Zone (NP14/ CNE6-CNE8), Nannotetrina fulgens Zone (NP15/ CNE9-CNE11), Discoaster tanii nodifer Zone (NP16/ CNE12-CNE15), Discoaster saipanensis Zone (NP17/ CNE15-CNE16), Chiasmolithus oamaruensis Zone (NP18/ CNE17-CNE18), Isthmolithus recurvus Zone (NP19/ CNE18-CNE19), Sphenolithus pseudoradians Zone (NP20/ CNE20), Ericsonia Subdisticha Zone (NP21/ CNE21-CNO1), Helicosphaera reticulate Zone (NP22/ CNO2), Sphenolithus predistintus Zone (NP23/ CNO3-CNO4). As a result of this study and based on the obtained bioZones, the age of Pabdeh Formation in Murdak section, is Late Paleocene (Thanetian) to Oligocene (Rupelian-Chatian).

Background and Objective: Degeneration of neurons in the central nervous system occurs during aging. Transplantation of neural stem cells (NSCs) can be preventing the degeneration of neurons. In addition to neuronal replacement, with the production of neurotrophic factors, increased survival and proliferation of endogenous cells. This study was done to compare the cell proliferation, neurotrophic factors expression and features of NSCs harvested from different areas of the central nervous system in vitro.Materials and Methods: In this laboratory study NSCs have been harvested from subgranular Zone (SGZ), subventricular Zone (SVZ) and central canal of spinal cord from adult Wistar rats with mechanical, enzymatical digestion and subsequently was cultured in α-MEM medium supplemented with serum as monolayer or adherent conditions and passaged for 13 times. Immunocytochemistry was used to determine expression of the nestin and GFAP markers. Semi-quantitative RT–PCR was used to confirm genes expression (NGF, CNTF, NT3, NT4.5, GDNF and BDNF).Results: Morphological features of stem cells extracted from different regions of the central nervous system were similar in the culture. Doubling time NSCs in the SVZ (37.45 hr) is shorter than in the SGZ (44.04 hr) and central canal of spinal cord (57.22 hr). The culture conditions as well as monolayer neural stem cells are capable of producing neurospheres. Also, nestin and GFAP markers, expressed by NSCs. Neurotrophic gene expression pattern profiles were similar to each other in stem cells extracted from the SGZ, SVZ and central canal of spinal cord.Conclusion: Neurotrophic gene expression in stem cells extracted from different regions of the central nervous system were similar, but proliferation capacity was higher in NSCs, which have been harvested from the SVZ.

Floristic studies of any regions have high importance, because the florists list is an exploration document to identify the existing species and consequently the potential of the area. The aim of the study was introducing the flora of the Transitional Zone of Irano-Turanian and Sahara-Sindian phytochoria in Sistan and Baluchestan Province. For a floristic study of the area plant specimens were collected and identified. Field data collections were conducted during the year 2013. The life forms as well as geographical distributions of the species were determined. Flora in this region include 51 families, 233 genera and 327 species. The larger families are Compositae (42 species), Poaceae (39 species), Brassicaceae (28 species), Papilionaceae (27 species) and Chenopodiaceae (25 species) respectivly. The biggest genus was Astragalus with 7 species. Biological types of this area included Therophytes (37. 92%) where the dominant life-form followed by hemicryptophytes (22. 94%). phanerophytes (18. 96%), Chamaephytes (14. 37%) and Geophytes (5. 81%). Chrological analysis showed 24. 77% of the studied plant species belonged to Irano-Turanian / Sahara-Sindian region and 24. 16% Sahara-Sindian, 22. 33% Irano-Turanian, 3. 36% cosmopolitan elements and others are ploriregional. According to the results of this study, it can be concluded that the research area is located in Ecoton region.

Background: Despite the tremendous investigation in the areas of flexor tendon anatomy, biomechanics, nutrition, healing and adhesion formation return of satisfactory digital performance following for the hand surgeons. Methods and Materials: This is a descriptive cross sectional study which investigates the results of primary repair of acute trauma (less than 10 days) to flexor tendons of Zone II. After initial exam, the operation was done by an experienced hand surgeon. The operation was done mostly in first 24 hours (primary repair) and in some cases in 10 days (delayed primary repair). All FDP lacerations were repaired with 4/0 nylon modified Kessler core suture and 6/0 nylon circumferential running suture. Post operation mobilization was done by using a dorsal splint in 40 degree wrist flexion and 60 degree metacarpophalengeal flexion and interphalengeal extent ion from finger tips to elbow. Early motion was begun one or two days after operation with modified Kleinert regimen. in children who could not cooperate in motion , long cast was used all patens completed follow up every two weeks for 6 weeks and every three weeks for another 6 weeks . The results were evaluated to buck –gramcko classification system at least 3 months after treatment. The results analyze was done using SPSS software and Kruskal –Wallis and man Whitney tests. Results: The study was done on 37 patients with injured flexor tendons, %67 male and %33 female with average age of 26. The results were excellent in 22 (%37.3) and good in 21 (%35.6 and fair in %20.3 and bad in 4 (%6.8). The most common complications were mild to moderate adhesion (%45) and cold intolerance (%36). Results of tendons repair were better in females than those in males (p value =%0.399). The best result was repair of isolated FDS. Results of repairing both FDP and FDS were the same as repairing FDP and resecting FDS (P value =%0.0006) final results were better in non dominant had (p value =%0.0025). Conclusions: The repair of flexor tendons of Zone II has various side effects and demands more and more primary repair measures on the part of an experienced surgeon.